Global warming

Geology

Climate change

Sea surface temperature

Meteorology

Drift ice

Arctic dipole anomaly

Atmosphere (unit)

Atmospheric sciences

Oceanography

Arctic sea ice decline

Sea ice

Climate model

Arctic geoengineering

Arctic ice pack

Geography

Coupled model intercomparison project

Ocean heat content

The arctic

Climatology

Effects of global warming on oceans

Environmental science

Arctic

Science Advances

Arctic near-surface air temperature warms much faster than the global average, a phenomenon known as Arctic Amplification. The change of the underlying Arctic Ocean could influence climate through its interaction with sea ice, atmosphere, and the global ocean, but it is less well understood. Here, we show that the upper 2000 m of the Arctic Ocean warms at 2.3 times the global mean rate within this depth range averaged over the 21st century in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 585 scenario. We call this phenomenon the “Arctic Ocean Amplification.” The amplified Arctic Ocean warming can be attributed to a substantial increase in poleward ocean heat transport, which will continue outweighing sea surface heat loss in the future. Arctic Amplification of both the atmosphere and ocean indicates that the Arctic as a whole is one of Earth’s regions most susceptible to climate change.

Arctic Ocean Amplification in a warming climate in CMIP6 models