Internal medicine

Cervical cancer

Intraepithelial neoplasia

Cryotherapy

Relative risk

Meta-analysis

Cancer

Odds ratio

Obstetrics

Surgery

Randomized controlled trial

Colposcopy

Prostate

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Gynecology

Confidence interval

Medicine

The Lancet Oncology

<h2>Summary</h2><h3>Background</h3> The trade-off between comparative effectiveness and reproductive morbidity of different treatment methods for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) remains unclear. We aimed to determine the risks of treatment failure and preterm birth associated with various treatment techniques. <h3>Methods</h3> In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database for randomised and non-randomised studies reporting on oncological or reproductive outcomes after CIN treatments from database inception until March 9, 2022, without language restrictions. We included studies of women with CIN, glandular intraepithelial neoplasia, or stage IA1 cervical cancer treated with excision (cold knife conisation [CKC], laser conisation, and large loop excision of the transformation zone [LLETZ]) or ablation (radical diathermy, laser ablation, cold coagulation, and cryotherapy). We excluded women treated with hysterectomy. The primary outcomes were any treatment failure (defined as any abnormal histology or cytology) and preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation). The network for preterm birth also included women with untreated CIN (untreated colposcopy group). The main reference group was LLETZ for treatment failure and the untreated colposcopy group for preterm birth. For randomised controlled trials, we extracted group-level summary data, and for observational studies, we extracted relative treatment effect estimates adjusted for potential confounders, when available, and we did random-effects network meta-analyses to obtain odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. We assessed within-study and across-study risk of bias using Cochrane tools. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42018115495 and CRD42018115508. <h3>Findings</h3> 7880 potential citations were identified for the outcome of treatment failure and 4107 for the outcome of preterm birth. After screening and removal of duplicates, the network for treatment failure included 19 240 participants across 71 studies (25 randomised) and the network for preterm birth included 68 817 participants across 29 studies (two randomised). Compared with LLETZ, risk of treatment failure was reduced for other excisional methods (laser conisation: OR 0·59 [95% CI 0·44–0·79] and CKC: 0·63 [0·50–0·81]) and increased for laser ablation (1·69 [1·27–2·24]) and cryotherapy (1·84 [1·33–2·56]). No differences were found for the comparison of cold coagulation versus LLETZ (1·09 [0·68–1·74]) but direct data were based on two small studies only. Compared with the untreated colposcopy group, risk of preterm birth was increased for all excisional techniques (CKC: 2·27 [1·70–3·02]; laser conisation: 1·77 [1·29–2·43]; and LLETZ: 1·37 [1·16–1·62]), whereas no differences were found for ablative methods (laser ablation: 1·05 [0·78–1·41]; cryotherapy: 1·01 [0·35–2·92]; and cold coagulation: 0·67 [0·02–29·15]). The evidence was based mostly on observational studies with their inherent risks of bias, and the credibility of many comparisons was low. <h3>Interpretation</h3> More radical excisional techniques reduce the risk of treatment failure but increase the risk of subsequent preterm birth. Although there is uncertainty, ablative treatments probably do not increase risk of preterm birth, but are associated with higher failure rates than excisional techniques. Although we found LLETZ to have balanced effectiveness and reproductive morbidity, treatment choice should rely on a woman's age, size and location of lesion, and future family planning. <h3>Funding</h3> National Institute for Health and Care Research: Research for Patient Benefit.

Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis