Cell

Biotechnology

Lactic acid

Fermented milk products

Probiotic

Bacteria

Viability assay

Biology

Microbiology

Gastroenterology

Chemistry

Spray drying

Gastrointestinal transit

Health benefits

Food science

Chromatography

Genetics

Biochemistry

Traditional medicine

Medicine

Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Background Probiotics are live microbial supplements known for its health benefits. Consumption of probiotics reported to improve several health benefits including intestinal flora composition, resistance against pathogens. In the recent years, there is an increasing trend of probiotic-based food products in the market. Main body Probiotics cells are targeted to reach the large intestine, and the probiotics must survive through the acidic conditions of the gastric environment. It is recommended to formulate the probiotic bacteria in the range of 10 8 –10 9 cfu/g for consumption and maintain the therapeutic efficacy of 10 6 –10 7 cfu/g in the large intestine. During the gastrointestinal transit, the probiotics will drastically lose its viability in the gastric environment (pH 2). Maintaining cell viability until it reaches the large intestine remains challenging task. Encapsulating the probiotics cells with suitable wall material helps to sustain the survival of probiotics during industrial processing and in gastrointestinal transit. In the encapsulation process, cells are completely enclosed in the wall material, through different techniques including spray drying, freeze drying, extrusion, spray freeze drying, emulsification, etc. However, spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques are successfully used for the commercial formulation; thus, we limited to review those encapsulation techniques. Short conclusions The survival rate of spray-dried probiotics during simulated digestion mainly depends on the inlet air temperature, wall material and exposure in the GI condition. And fermentation, pH and freeze-drying time are the important process parameters for maintaining the viability of bacterial cells in the gastric condition. Improving the viability of probiotic cells during industrial processing and extending the cell viability during storage and digestion will be the main concern for successful commercialization. Graphical abstract

Encapsulation of probiotics: past, present and future