Robot

Shear force

Control (management)

Voltage

Engineering

Normal force

Elastomer

Materials science

Computer science

Acoustics

Haptic technology

Classical mechanics

Linearity

Mechanical engineering

Physics

Finite element method

Simulation

Angular displacement

Electronic engineering

Angular velocity

Artificial intelligence

Composite material

Sensitivity (control systems)

Tactile sensor

Structural engineering

Control theory (sociology)

Mechanics

Magnet

Electrical engineering

Sensors

This paper presents a multi-axis low-cost soft magnetic tactile sensor with a high force range for force feedback in robotic surgical systems. The proposed sensor is designed to fully decouple the output response for normal, shear and angular forces. The proposed sensor is fabricated using rapid prototyping techniques and utilizes Neodymium magnets embedded in an elastomer over Hall sensors such that their displacement produces a voltage change that can be used to calculate the applied force. The initial spacing between the magnets and the Hall sensors is optimized to achieve a large displacement range using finite element method (FEM) simulations. The experimental characterization of the proposed sensor is performed for applied force in normal, shear and 45° angular direction. The force sensitivity of the proposed sensor in normal, shear and angular directions is 16 mV/N, 30 mV/N and 81 mV/N, respectively, with minimum mechanical crosstalk. The force range for the normal, shear and angular direction is obtained as 0-20 N, 0-3.5 N and 0-1.5 N, respectively. The proposed sensor shows a perfectly linear behavior and a low hysteresis error of 8.3%, making it suitable for tactile sensing and biomedical applications. The effect of the material properties of the elastomer on force ranges and sensitivity values of the proposed sensor is also discussed.

A Soft Multi-Axis High Force Range Magnetic Tactile Sensor for Force Feedback in Robotic Surgical Systems