Emerging infectious disease

Forestry

Agriculture

Ecology

Biology

Wildlife trade

Indigenous

Bushmeat

Virology

Archaeology

Outbreak

Environmental health

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Veterinary medicine

Geography

Biosecurity

Infectious disease (medical specialty)

Sociology

Livestock

Environmental protection

Medicine

Pandemic

Zoonosis

Subsistence agriculture

Disease

Wildlife

Socioeconomics

Pathology

EClinicalMedicine

A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.

Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system