Pathology

Humoral immunity

Biology

Antibody

Virology

Vaccination

Immunology

Immunity

Memory B cell

B cell

Lymph

Germinal center

Medicine

Immune system

Cell

Fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes in humans reveals that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces neutralizing antibody-producing germinal centers, enhanced by repeated vaccination. Conversely, in patients receiving immunosuppressant medication, this process is disrupted, resulting in stunted protective immune responses, highlighting issues about vaccine and booster efficacy in patients with compromised immune systems.

Germinal center responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy and immunocompromised individuals