Electrical engineering

Physics

Nanotechnology

Engineering

Electronics

Materials science

Photonics

Data science

Graphene

Computer science

Optoelectronics

Nature Communications

Graphene and two-dimensional materials (2DM) remain an active field of research in science and engineering over 15 years after the first reports of 2DM. The vast amount of available data and the high performance of device demonstrators leave little doubt about the potential of 2DM for applications in electronics, photonics and sensing. So where are the integrated chips and enabled products? We try to answer this by summarizing the main challenges and opportunities that have thus far prevented 2DM applications. Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials have remained an active field of research in science and engineering for over fifteen years. Here, the authors investigate why the transition from laboratories to fabrication plants appears to lag behind expectations, and summarize the main challenges and opportunities that have thus far prevented the commercialisation of these materials.

2D materials for future heterogeneous electronics