Cadaveric spasm

Fascicle

Biomedical engineering

Materials science

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Anterior cruciate ligament

Radiology

Magnetization transfer

Flip angle

Physics

Anatomy

Medicine

Nuclear medicine

Magnetic resonance imaging

Journal of Orthopaedic Research®

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often acquires no signal in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) due to the short apparent transverse relaxation time of ACL. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI is capable of imaging ACL with high signal which enables quantitative ACL assessment. This study aimed to investigate the correlations of the mechanical and microstructural properties of human ACL specimens with quantitative three‐dimensional UTE Cones (3D‐UTE‐Cones) MRI measures. ACL specimens were harvested from cadaveric knee joints of 13 (50.9 ± 21.1 years old, 11 males and 2 female) donors. Specimens were scanned using a series of quantitative 3D‐UTE‐Cones T 2 * (UTE‐T 2 *), T 1 (UTE‐T 1 ), Adiabatic T 1ρ (UTE‐Adiab‐T 1ρ ), and magnetization transfer (UTE‐MT) sequences in a wrist coil on a clinical 3T scanner. ACL elastic modulus was measured using a uniaxial tensile mechanical test. Histomorphometry analysis was performed to measure the average fascicle specific surface, fascicle size, and number of cells per unit area. Spearman's rank correlations of UTE‐MRI biomarkers with mechanical and histomorphometry measures were investigated. The elastic modulus of ACL showed significant moderate correlations with UTE‐Adiab‐T 1ρ ( R = −0.59, p = 0.01), macromolecular fraction from MT modeling ( R = 0.54, p = 0.01), magnetization transfer ratio ( R = 0.53, p = 0.01), UTE‐T2* ( R = −0.53, p = 0.01), and average fascicle specific surface ( R = 0.54, p = 0.01). UTE‐MRI showed nonsignificant correlations with histomorphometry measures. UTE‐MRI biomarkers may be useful noninvasive tools for the ACL mechanical assessment.

Correlation between the elastic modulus of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging