Management of the Distal Ureter During Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.

Radical open nephroureterectomy (ONU) with bladder cuff excision (BCE) is the traditional gold standard approach for management of high-risk non-metastatic upper tract urothelial cancer. ONU involves two separate procedures; the nephrectomy and distal ureterectomy, with each of these parts being able to be performed with an open or minimally-invasive approach. Multiple approaches have been described for the resection of the distal ureter and...