Centrifuge Modelling of Monopiles in Calcareous Sand Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loading

Monopiles are the most common foundation type for offshore wind turbines. These structures are subjected to millions of cyclic horizontal loads during their lifespans, mainly from waves and wind; however, there are gaps in conventional design methods for different aspects of cyclic loading. The present study examined the cyclic behaviour of monopiles in dry calcareous sand. Centrifuge tests were carried out to investigate the effect of cyclic...