Smoking History Predicts High Presence of TILs and Efficacy of PD-1 Blockade in PD-L1 Expression-negative Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Background/Aim: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells is a predictive biomarker of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade therapy. This study sought to clarify predictors of the efficacy of nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with PD-L1 expression-negative tumors. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of advanced NSCLC patients between January 2016 and April 2019, and...