Topology optimization of imperfect frame structures with improved manufacturability

We present a framework for robust topology optimization of frame structures under uncertainty in member geometry. Imperfect geometry is defined as a general out-of-straightness. The uncertainty in response is quantified using a second-order stochastic perturbation that allows for accurate estimation of first and second-order response statistics in the presence of geometric random imperfections. The adjoint method is employed to compute the...