Separation of cobalt, lithium and nickel from the “black mass” of waste Li-ion batteries by ionic liquids, DESs and organophosphorous-based acids extraction

New methods of metal extraction from the “black mass” (BM) from spent lithium-ion batteries have been presented with ionic liquids (ILs), Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and organophosphorous-based acids. The low-temperature method of extraction of cobalt, nickel, lithium and other metals without pre-leaching of BM with acids have been proposed in comparison with many methods already described in the literature. Extraction has been studied in...