tolerance

place preference

mg kg

analgesic effect

opioid receptor

morphine

Biological Psychiatry

SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 575 Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle–Mediated Activation of Primary Ciliary Signaling Contributes to the Development of Morphine ToleranceBiological PsychiatryVol. 90Issue 8PreviewMorphine is used extensively in the clinical setting owing to its beneficial effects, such as pain relief; its therapeutic utility is limited because the prolonged use of morphine often results in tolerance and addiction. Astrocytes in the brain are a direct target of morphine action and play an essential role in the development of morphine tolerance. Primary cilia and the cilia-mediated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways have been shown to play a role in drug resistance and morphine tolerance, respectively. Full-Text PDF

Extracellular Vesicles and Ciliogenesis as Novel Targets to Stop Opioid Tolerance