Pilus

Gene

Cell biology

Motility

Bacteria

Biology

Biochemistry

Computer science

Rotation (mathematics)

Genetics

Bacterial adhesin

Flagellum

Artificial intelligence

Biophysics

Gliding motility

Virulence

Nature Reviews Microbiology

Bacteria have developed a large array of motility mechanisms to exploit available resources and environments. These mechanisms can be broadly classified into swimming in aqueous media and movement over solid surfaces. Swimming motility involves either the rotation of rigid helical filaments through the external medium or gyration of the cell body in response to the rotation of internal filaments. On surfaces, bacteria swarm collectively in a thin layer of fluid powered by the rotation of rigid helical filaments, they twitch by assembling and disassembling type IV pili, they glide by driving adhesins along tracks fixed to the cell surface and, finally, non-motile cells slide over surfaces in response to outward forces due to colony growth. Recent technological advances, especially in cryo-electron microscopy, have greatly improved our knowledge of the molecular machinery that powers the various forms of bacterial motility. In this Review, we describe the current understanding of the physical and molecular mechanisms that allow bacteria to move around. In this Review, Wadhwa and Berg explore the most common bacterial motility mechanisms and summarize the current understanding of the molecular machines that enable bacteria to swim in aqueous media and move on solid surfaces.

Bacterial motility: machinery and mechanisms