Laser–particle interaction-based analysis of powder particle effects on temperatures and distortions in directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

In order to investigate the interactions between laser and powder particles in directional energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM), a coupled electromagnetic wave heating (EWH) model is proposed. The heat transfer reduction coefficient for the laser beam power can be calculated, and then the temperature distributions can be obtained based on the modified heat source model. A comparison of the predicted temperature and that obtained...