Internal medicine

Neuroscience

Receptor

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Pathogenesis

Central nervous system

Biology

Neuroinflammation

Sensory system

Cortical spreading depression

Proinflammatory cytokine

Immunology

Trigeminal ganglion

Inflammation

Blood–brain barrier

Migraine

Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Currently, migraine is treated mainly by targeting calcitonin gene-related peptides, although the efficacy of this method is limited and new treatment strategies are desired. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. In patients with migraine, peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α, are known to be increased. Additionally, animal models of headache have demonstrated that immunological responses associated with cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators might alter the function of tight junctions in brain vascular endothelial cells in animal models, but not in human patients. Based on clinical findings showing elevated IL-1β, and experimental findings involving IL-1β and both the peripheral trigeminal ganglion and central trigeminal vascular pathways, regulation of the Il-1β/IL-1 receptor type 1 axis might lead to new treatments for migraine. However, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is not expected to be affected during attacks in patients with migraine.

Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine