Algorithm

Composite number

Engineering

Ecology

Microbial inoculant

Bacteria

Biology

Animal science

Ecological succession

Cellulose

Biochemistry

Hemicellulose

Botany

Carbon fibers

Cellulase

Food science

Trichoderma reesei

Soil water

Manure

Compost

Waste management

Genetics

Mathematics

Trichoderma

Total organic carbon

Chicken manure

Straw

Agronomy

Environmental science

Microbial population biology

Horticulture

Chemistry

Inoculation

Humus

Nutrient

Rice straw

Fermentation

Lignin

Bioresource Technology

This study explored the effects of single-stage inoculation (SSI) versus two-stage inoculation (TSI) on organic carbon components, product quality and fungal community during co-composting of cattle manure and rice straw. Both inoculation methods accelerated the temperature increase and elevated the composting temperature. TSI resulted in a second fermentation stage and extended the thermophilic stage from 22 to 29 days. Compared with SSI, TSI promoted the degradation degree of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin by 25.9%, 16.5% and 47.4%, and increased the content of total nutrients and humus carbon by 5.9% and 10.5% in final products, respectively. TSI significantly increased the relative abundance of Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Neurospora, Mycothermus, Malbranchea and Gloeophyllum in the second fermentation stage. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Aspergillus, Neurospora, Trichoderma and Gloeophyllum were the key fungi for lignocellulose degradation and humification. Redundancy analysis showed that temperature was the major environmental factor affecting fungal community succession in TSI.

Effects of two-stage microbial inoculation on organic carbon turnover and fungal community succession during co-composting of cattle manure and rice straw