3D Modeling of Pipe Risk Index for a Sustainable Urban Water System

The risk assessment and modeling of watermains are complicated tasks, which are proportional to the intricacy of underground water networks. These networks are known to be nonlinear, dynamic, and involve a multitude of influential factors that cannot be measured accurately in any conventional metrics. In general, deterioration factors obtained from field inspections reports or from experts’ survey have certain degrees of ambiguity and...