Phototherapy meets immunotherapy: a win–win strategy to fight against cancer

Phototherapy usually includes photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) to induce cell death. PDT utilizes the sensitization of the photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species by the intersystem crossing while PTT undergoes nonradiative decay to generate heat. Cancer immunotherapy has evolved as a new therapeutic modality to eradicate tumor cells by activating antigen-presenting cells, and thus, inducing innate or...