Noninvasive Evaluation of Renal Hypoxia by Multiparametric Functional MRI in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease

Renal hypoxia, which caused by a mismatch between oxygen delivery and oxygen demand, may be the primary pathophysiological pathway driving diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could detect hypoxia, but can be limited in distinguishing increased oxygen consumption or decreased blood supply.To explore multiparametric functional MRI in evaluating mechanism of the hypoxia changes in...