Gene

Linguistics

Philosophy

Carcinoma

Biology

Identification (biology)

Adenocarcinoma

Selection (genetic algorithm)

Lung cancer

Cancer research

Computer science

Botany

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Basal cell

Computational biology

Biomarker

Genetics

Squamous carcinoma

Feature selection

Feature (linguistics)

Internal medicine

Artificial intelligence

Oncology

Medicine

Proteomics

Cancer

Lung

Biomarker discovery

Pathology

Scientific Reports

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Two of the most common subtypes, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), have drastically different biological signatures, yet they are often treated similarly and classified together as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LUAD and LUSC biomarkers are scarce, and their distinct biological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. To detect biologically relevant markers, many studies have attempted to improve traditional machine learning algorithms or develop novel algorithms for biomarker discovery. However, few have used overlapping machine learning or feature selection methods for cancer classification, biomarker identification, or gene expression analysis. This study proposes to use overlapping traditional feature selection or feature reduction techniques for cancer classification and biomarker discovery. The genes selected by the overlapping method were then verified using random forest. The classification statistics of the overlapping method were compared to those of the traditional feature selection methods. The identified biomarkers were validated in an external dataset using AUC and ROC analysis. Gene expression analysis was then performed to further investigate biological differences between LUAD and LUSC. Overall, our method achieved classification results comparable to, if not better than, the traditional algorithms. It also identified multiple known biomarkers, and five potentially novel biomarkers with high discriminating values between LUAD and LUSC. Many of the biomarkers also exhibit significant prognostic potential, particularly in LUAD. Our study also unraveled distinct biological pathways between LUAD and LUSC.

Lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma cancer classification, biomarker identification, and gene expression analysis using overlapping feature selection methods