Charging system analysis, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions of battery electric buses in Beijing

Bus rides have become a routine choice for the large population to travel in Beijing. By the end of November 2020, 82.84% of all buses in Beijing had switched to electric vehicles. A solution to the problem of charging a huge number of battery electric buses (BEBs) in urban areas, especially in crowded cities with large populations, has to be found. In the present paper, a calculation model based on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is...