Physics

Finite element method

Deflection (physics)

Mathematics

Buckling

Laplace transform

Optics

Mathematical analysis

Beam (structure)

Boundary value problem

Constitutive equation

Integral equation

Differential equation

Classical mechanics

Fredholm integral equation

Thermodynamics

International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Static bending and elastic buckling of Euler–Bernoulli beam made of functionally graded (FG) materials along thickness direction is studied theoretically using stress-driven integral model with bi-Helmholtz kernel, where the relation between nonlocal stress and strain is expressed as Fredholm type integral equation of the first kind. The differential governing equation and corresponding boundary conditions are derived with the principle of minimum potential energy. Several nominal variables are introduced to simplify differential governing equation, integral constitutive equation and boundary conditions. Laplace transform technique is applied directly to solve integro-differential equations, and the nominal bending deflection and moment are expressed with six unknown constants. The explicit expression for nominal deflection for static bending and nonlinear characteristic equation for the bucking load can be determined with two constitutive constraints and four boundary conditions. The results from this study are validated with those from the existing literature when two nonlocal parameters have same value. The influence of nonlocal parameters on the bending deflection and buckling loads for Euler–Bernoulli beam is investigated numerically. A consistent toughening effect is obtained for stress-driven nonlocal integral model with bi-Helmholtz kernel.

Bending and Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Euler–Bernoulli Beam Using Stress-Driven Nonlocal Integral Model with Bi-Helmholtz Kernel