Bending and Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Euler–Bernoulli Beam Using Stress-Driven Nonlocal Integral Model with Bi-Helmholtz Kernel

Static bending and elastic buckling of Euler–Bernoulli beam made of functionally graded (FG) materials along thickness direction is studied theoretically using stress-driven integral model with bi-Helmholtz kernel, where the relation between nonlocal stress and strain is expressed as Fredholm type integral equation of the first kind. The differential governing equation and corresponding boundary conditions are derived with the principle of...