Gradually increasing impedance in patients with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators: a watchful waiting strategy

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Pacing impedance measurements are important in the surveillance of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) devices. Whereas sudden changes in impedances can reflect lead fracture or isolation defects, gradually increasing impedances are thought to occur because of calcifications at the endomyocardial interface. In many cases, these leads are replaced...