Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation and Immunobiology: The Next Frontier

Since the first successful hand transplant in 1998, vascularized composite allotransplantation represented a groundbreaking paradigm shift for previously unsolvable clinical problems.1 Despite numerous technical successes, the interplay between donor and recipient immune responses in vascularized composite allotransplantation remains poorly understood, largely due to imprecise methods of monitoring multiple tissue types with varying...