Calcium silicate-human serum albumin composite hydrogel decreases random pattern skin flap necrosis by attenuating vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and inflammation

Random pattern skin flaps are commonly used in plastic surgery to repair skin defects. However, as flap survival mainly relies on blood supply from the distal pedicle and the wound bed, the distal part of the flap is prone to necrosis. Subsequent pathological reactions, including inflammatory reactions, cell apoptosis, and oxidative stress, also aggravate skin flap necrosis. Calcium silicate (CS) has gained attention for its multiple bioactive...