Numerical simulation of micro-cracking and energy budget in porous rocks under contractional regimes across the brittle-ductile transition

A distinct element model is developed to simulate the progressive localization of deformation that evolves from shear to compaction bands with respect to confining pressure in porous rocks. The numerical samples with nominal porosities ranging from 0 to 14% in two-dimension, are established by synthesizing breakable grains and compressible macro-pores. The hydrostatic and unconfined tests are conducted to address the two endmembers of...