Three-Dimensional Analysis of Nonlinear Pile–Soil Interaction Responses Using 3D Pile Element Model

Due to the complicated geological conditions and complex loads, the pile–soil interaction is a three-dimensional (3D) and highly nonlinear problem. Conventional numerical models have deficiencies to model the nonlinear soil–structure interaction (SSI) responses. This paper developed a 3D pile element model, which is capable of robustly simulating the pile behaviors under complex loadings in 3D analysis. The dominant feature of the model was the...