Customized composite intervertebral disc scaffolds by integrated 3D bioprinting for therapeutic implantation

In the past few years, tissue-engineered total disc replacement (TE-TDR) as a possible strategy to repair or regenerate intervertebral disc (IVD) has attracted considerable attention. However, to construct a patient-specific cell-based IVD scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties is still a challenge. The objective of this work is to develop stem cell-laden scaffolds mimicking the structure of native IVD. For this, an integrated 3D...