Control of residual stress in metal additive manufacturing by low-temperature solid-state phase transformation: An experimental and numerical study

Directed energy deposition (DED) technology commonly known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a rapid prototyping method for fabricating metallic functional components with minimum finishing operations. However, excessive tensile residual stress (RS) is often a potential source of structural failure due to the fact that it can cause surface/subsurface cracking of DED parts. In this work, the RS properties in DED specimens made of the...