Cell

Organic chemistry

Endocytosis

Mathematics

Membrane

Mathematical analysis

Transcytosis

Conjugate

Chemistry

In vitro

Immunology

Extravasation

Drug delivery

Drug

Potency

Cancer research

Biochemistry

Medicine

Pharmacology

Nature Biomedical Engineering

Effective anticancer nanomedicines need to exhibit prolonged circulation in blood, to extravasate and accumulate in tumours, and to be taken up by tumour cells. These contrasting criteria for persistent circulation and cell-membrane affinity have often led to complex nanoparticle designs with hampered clinical translatability. Here, we show that conjugates of small-molecule anticancer drugs with the polyzwitterion poly(2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) have long blood-circulation half-lives and bind reversibly to cell membranes, owing to the negligible interaction of the polyzwitterion with proteins and its weak interaction with phospholipids. Adsorption of the polyzwitterion–drug conjugates to tumour endothelial cells and then to cancer cells favoured their transcytosis-mediated extravasation into tumour interstitium and infiltration into tumours, and led to the eradication of large tumours and patient-derived tumour xenografts in mice. The simplicity and potency of the polyzwitterion–drug conjugates should facilitate the design of translational anticancer nanomedicines. Conjugates of small-molecule anticancer drugs with a polyzwitterion that has negligible interaction with proteins and a weak interaction with phospholipids eradicate large tumours and patient-derived tumour xenografts in mice.

Enhanced tumour penetration and prolonged circulation in blood of polyzwitterion–drug conjugates with cell-membrane affinity