A review of the current progress in recycling technologies for gallium and rare earth elements from light-emitting diodes

End-of-life light-emitting diodes are electronic waste containing valuable and critical metals such as rare earth elements (REE) and gallium. These metals face the risk of supply disruption with increasing demand and the difficulty of their extraction and separation through mineral and metallurgical processing. Hence, this study aims to provide a descriptive insight into recovery techniques of light-emitting diodes (LED) waste using examples...