Intensive care medicine

Respiratory tract infections

Adverse effect

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Surgery

Physics

Optics

Political science

Internal medicine

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Respiratory system

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Respiratory tract

Scopus

Incidence (geometry)

The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific

Post-surgical complications are common in general surgery patients and contribute to increases in mortality, length of stay, and need for an increased level of care at discharge [[1]Dindo D Demartines N Clavien P-A. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.Ann Surg. 2004; 240: 205-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (18972) Google Scholar,[2]Tevis SE Kennedy GD. Postoperative complications and implications on patient-centered outcomes.J Surg Res. 2013; 181: 106-113Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar]. Postoperative respiratory complications (PRCs), the second most common serious morbidity after cardiovascular events [[3]Kelkar K. Post-operative pulmonary complications after non-cardiothoracic surgery.Ind J Anaesthesia. 2015; 59: 599-605Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar], are broadly defined as conditions affecting the respiratory tract that can adversely influence clinical course of the patient after surgery. PRCs occur commonly with incidence estimates of 3 -7.9% in general surgery, have major adverse effects on patients, and are difficult to predict. In addition to being an important clinical problem, post-operative complications in general, and PRCs pose heavy economic burdens. Several studies, mostly in high income countries, confirmed that patients with one or more complications after surgery required longer length of stay or rehospitalization which resulted in higher hospitalization costs [4Dimick JB Chen SL Taheri PA Henderson WG Khuri SF Campbell DA. Hospital costs associated with surgical complications: a report from the private-sector national surgical quality improvement program.J Am Coll Surg. 2004; 199: 531-537Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (664) Google Scholar, 5Manecke GR Asemota A Michard F. Tackling the economic burden of postsurgical complications: would perioperative goal-directed fluid therapy help?.Crit Care. 2014; 18 (566-)Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 6Vonlanthen R Slankamenac K Breitenstein S Puhan MA Muller MK Hahnloser D et al.The impact of complications on costs of major surgical procedures: a cost analysis of 1200 patients.Ann Surg. 2011; 254Crossref PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar, 7Wang J Ma R Eleftheriou P Churilov L Debono D Robbins R et al.Health economic implications of complications associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy at a University hospital: a retrospective cohort cost study.HPB. 2018; 20: 423-431Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (10) Google Scholar]. In the face of that, evidence on economic burden of complications after surgery in low-middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited. In The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, My Hanh Bui and colleagues quantify the impact of PRCs on costs, re-hospitalization, outpatient visits, and length of hospital stay (LOS) within 30 days after surgery from the healthcare sector perspective in Vietnam [[8]My Hanh Bui, Khuong Quynh Long, Le Phuong Anh, Doan Quoc Hung, et al. Respiratory Complications after Surgery in Vietnam: National Estimates of the Economic Burden. Lancet Reg Health – Western Pacific. DOI:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100125.Google Scholar]. The data of 1 241 893 surgical patients were extracted from electronic payment portal database of Vietnam Social Insurance from 1st Jan 2017 to 30th Sept 2018. Of these patients, 20 051 patients (16%) had PRCs which were grouped into 10 categories. The study applied the propensity score matching method with a matched ratio of 1:1 and identified 13 006 patients with and without PRCs. An important finding was that the patients with PRCs had a higher risk of re-hospitalization (OR: 3.49; 95% CI: 3.55 – 3.64) and outpatient visit (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.34 – 1.45) compared to patients without PRCs. Most types of costs were significantly higher for patients with PRCs. The incremental cost associated with PRCs occurring within 30 days after surgery was $1053.3 (95% CI: 940.7 – 1,165.8) in which the largest contribution was the cost of re-hospitalization. Their study estimated that annual incremental cost due to PRCs was $6.02 and $13.87 million for indexed treatment and the 30-day cost, respectively. The study demonstrates high economic evidence associated with PRCs for Vietnam, as an example of LMICs, justifying the urgent need to lower the incidence of preventable post-surgical complications. The surgical safety checklist (SSC) was introduced in 2009 by WHO with an aim to reduce the complication rates during the surgical process [[9]Jain D Sharma R Reddy S. WHO safe surgery checklist: Barriers to universal acceptance.J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 34: 7-10PubMed Google Scholar]. This initiative enables surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other health care staff to routinely check information at three critical stages of surgery to reduce operative errors and improve outcomes. SSC has been trialed in hospitals worldwide to validate its feasibility and effectiveness. Several studies confirmed that the adoption of SSC could reduce morbidity and mortality due to adverse events after surgery in the poor-resource settings [10Epiu I Tindimwebwa JVB Mijumbi C Ndarugirire F Twagirumugabe T Lugazia ER et al.Working towards safer surgery in Africa; a survey of utilization of the WHO safe surgical checklist at the main referral hospitals in East Africa.BMC Anesthesiol. 2016; 16 (-): 60Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar, 11Vivekanantham S Ravindran RP Shanmugarajah K Maruthappu M Shalhoub J. Surgical safety checklists in developing countries.Int J Surg. 2014; 12: 2-6Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 12Chaudhary N Varma V Kapoor S Mehta N Kumaran V Nundy S. Implementation of a surgical safety checklist and postoperative outcomes: a prospective randomized controlled study.J Gastrointest Surg. 2015; 19: 935-942Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar]. The benefits somehow are more critical in developing countries compared to developed ones. For example, in settings with limited financial and human resources where surgeons and operative teams have to perform several surgeries continuously, a checklist would be useful to avoid mistakes and ensure patient safety. Despite the evidence on benefits of SSC, it cannot be assumed that the introduction of SSC will immediately improve the operative processes. Hence, training and practice for staff is needed to ensure successful implementation. As different countries and settings have different social norms, it is necessary to modify SSC for cultural variations to optimize the feasibility and usefulness of SSC and improve its compliance in LMICs. Although surgical safety has been addressed by the adoption of checklists, intervention beyond the operating room has been limited for developing countries. Transitional care refers to the coordination and continuity of services for the movement either between levels of health care or from one healthcare setting to another or to home [[13]Naylor M Keating SA. Transitional care.Am J Nurs. 2008; 108: 58-63Crossref PubMed Scopus (183) Google Scholar]. In urban areas in high income countries, transitional care, especially from hospital to home after surgery has proven to prevent post-surgical complications [[14]Takchi R Williams GA Brauer D Stoentcheva T Wolf C Van Anne B et al.Extending enhanced recovery after surgery protocols to the post-discharge setting: a phone call intervention to support patients after expedited discharge after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Am Surg. 2020; 86: 42-48Crossref PubMed Google Scholar,[15]Acher AW Campbell-Flohr SA Brenny-Fitzpatrick M Leahy-Gross KM Fernandes-Taylor S Fisher AV et al.Improving patient-centered transitional care after complex abdominal surgery.J Am Coll Surg. 2017; 225: 259-265Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. However, its implementation received little attention in low-income settings [[16]Bettger J. Hospital to home transitions in care in low, middle and high income countries.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 97: e105-e1e6Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Google Scholar]. A considerable infrastructure is required, as is the coordination of a multidisciplinary team including surgeon, nurse, pharmacist, etc. Hence, a discussion synchronization on the hospital care system and services as well as allocation of health resources may be necessary. Moreover, awareness enhancement on surgical recovery, especially on post-surgical complications for all persons involved in surgery and post-surgical recovery is critical. Post-operative complications, particularly PRCs substantially increase health care costs which results in economic burden to the health care system and patients in high income countries [4Dimick JB Chen SL Taheri PA Henderson WG Khuri SF Campbell DA. Hospital costs associated with surgical complications: a report from the private-sector national surgical quality improvement program.J Am Coll Surg. 2004; 199: 531-537Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (664) Google Scholar, 5Manecke GR Asemota A Michard F. Tackling the economic burden of postsurgical complications: would perioperative goal-directed fluid therapy help?.Crit Care. 2014; 18 (566-)Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 6Vonlanthen R Slankamenac K Breitenstein S Puhan MA Muller MK Hahnloser D et al.The impact of complications on costs of major surgical procedures: a cost analysis of 1200 patients.Ann Surg. 2011; 254Crossref PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar, 7Wang J Ma R Eleftheriou P Churilov L Debono D Robbins R et al.Health economic implications of complications associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy at a University hospital: a retrospective cohort cost study.HPB. 2018; 20: 423-431Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (10) Google Scholar]. Bui My Hanh, and colleagues take an important step forward for understanding clinical and economic outcomes of PRCs in Vietnam. The authors suggest implementing evidence-based practices and monitoring systems to lower the incidence of PRCs which in turn reduce costs. Interventions to improve surgical safety through checklists may hold many possibilities of future application. Advancing the health care system to provide better transitional care for surgical patients may be challenging but may also bring an exciting opportunity to further drive down adverse outcomes within surgery, particularly in developing settings. It would also be important to determine whether these preventive strategies in pre- or post-surgery could decrease the number of re-admission and subsequent costs. A comprehensive assessment of these potential interventions including clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and associated budget implications should be performed to support evidence-informed policy decision making. The authors declare no competing interests. Respiratory complications after surgery in Vietnam: National estimates of the economic burdenThe economic burden of postoperative respiratory complications is substantial at both individual and national levels. Postoperative respiratory complications also increase the odds of re-hospitalization and outpatient visits and increase the length of hospital stay among surgical patients. Full-Text PDF Open Access

Urgent need to take action on reducing postoperative respiratory complications