Nanotechnology, and scaffold implantation for the effective repair of injured organs: An overview on hard tissue engineering

The tissue engineering of hard organs and tissues containing cartilage, teeth, and bones is a widely used and rapidly progressing field. One of the main features of hard organs and tissues is the mineralization of their extracellular matrices (ECM) to enable them to withstand pressure and weight. Recently, a variety of printing strategies have been developed to facilitate hard organ and tissue regeneration. Fundamentals in three-dimensional (3D)...