Nursing

Psychological intervention

Social psychology

Depersonalization

Social support

Operating system

Personal protective equipment

Computer science

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Systematic review

Burnout

Psychology

Emotional exhaustion

Political science

Family medicine

Infectious disease (medical specialty)

Meta-analysis

Internal medicine

Workload

MEDLINE

Occupational stress

Medicine

Clinical psychology

Pandemic

CINAHL

Disease

Pathology

Journal of Advanced Nursing

Aims To examine the nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design We followed the Cochrane criteria and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane COVID-19 registry, CINAHL and pre-print services (medRχiv and PsyArXiv) were searched from January 1 to November 15, 2020 and we removed duplicates. Review Methods We applied a random effect model to estimate pooled effects since the heterogeneity between results was very high. Results Sixteen studies, including 18,935 nurses met the inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 34.1%, of depersonalization was 12.6% and of lack of personal accomplishment was 15.2%. The main risk factors that increased nurses' burnout were the following: younger age, decreased social support, low family and colleagues readiness to cope with COVID-19 outbreak, increased perceived threat of Covid-19, longer working time in quarantine areas, working in a high-risk environment, working in hospitals with inadequate and insufficient material and human resources, increased workload and lower level of specialized training regarding COVID-19. Conclusion Nurses experience high levels of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic, while several sociodemographic, social and occupational factors affect this burnout. Impact We found that burnout among nurses is a crucial issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to prepare nurses to cope better with COVID-19 pandemic. Identification of risk factors for burnout could be a significant weapon giving nurses and health care systems the ability to response in a better way against the following COVID-19 waves in the near future.

Nurses' burnout and associated risk factors during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta‐analysis