A comprehensive review on automated systems for severity grading of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema

Diabetes mellitus is a major medical concern worldwide. Long‐term diabetes can affect the retina of the eye and lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Proper screening and consultation with an ophthalmologist are necessary to prevent avoidable vision loss. As DR and DME have become more prevalent, automated screening is essential to provide cost‐effective and rapid solutions with reduced human resources requirements....