Per capita

Macroeconomics

Marketing

Agriculture

Product (mathematics)

Demography

Ecology

Biology

Food systems

Environmental economics

Sustainability

Food policy

Archaeology

Food security

Economics

Food science

Food processing

Business

Diversification (marketing strategy)

Mathematics

Geography

Political science

Population

Sustainable development

Sociology

Geometry

Chemistry

Natural resource economics

Agricultural productivity

Production (economics)

World Development

Understanding specialization patterns of countries in food production can provide relevant insights for the evaluation and design of policies seeking to achieve food security and sustainability, which are key to reach several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper builds bipartite networks of food products and food-producing countries, using FAO data from 1993 to 2013, to characterize the global food production system. We use methods from complex systems analysis to rank products according to their need for capabilities and countries according to their competitiveness, which derives from the quality and diversification of their food production baskets. We observe two well-defined communities of food-producing countries, one that groups countries with relatively developed agricultural systems, and the other grouping countries with less developed production systems. The stability of these two communities reveals persistent differences between countries specialization patterns. We econometrically analyze whether and how specialization patterns affect food supply, food security (SDGs: Targets 2.1 and 2.2), and sustainability of food systems (SDGs: Target 2.4). We show that concentrating agricultural production negatively impacts food supply, food security, and food systems sustainability. The competitiveness of countries and the coherence of their diversification patterns increase per capita food supply and food security but might harm sustainability. This evidence reflects the trade-off between achieving food security while simultaneously improving sustainability, which needs to be considered when developing or implementing policies seeking to reach SDGs.

Specialization in food production affects global food security and food systems sustainability