Physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of the bi-layer polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel for osteochondral tissue engineering

Osteochondral defect regeneration was a great challenge because of limited self-repaired ability for its sophisticated hierarchical inner structure. Hereon, the bi-layer hydrogel with robust osteochondral interfacial bonding was formulated under fully physical crosslinking, which was consisted of polyvinyl alcohol/collagen II for cartilage layer and polyvinyl alcohol/biphasic calcium phosphate/carbon nanotubes for bone layer. The bi-layer...