Simultaneous Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy of NADH and FAD Using Pixel-to-Pixel Wavelength-Switching

Two-photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy of intrinsic fluorophores provides physiological and pathological information from biological tissues. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are two endogenous fluorescent coenzymes existing on the intracellular scale. Autofluorescence images of NADH and FAD have been applied to noninvasively record changes during metabolism, according to their...