Evaluation of the nephrotoxicity and safety of low-dose aristolochic acid, extending to the use of Xixin (Asurum), by determination of methylglyoxal and d-lactate

Most Aristolochiaceae plants are prohibited due to aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), except Xixin (Asarum spp.). Xixin contains trace amounts of aristolochic acid (AA) and is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Methylglyoxal and d-lactate are regarded as biomarkers for nephrotoxicity. The use of Xixin (Asarum spp.) is essential and controversial. This study aimed to evaluate tubulointerstitial injury and interstitial renal fibrosis...