World Wide Web

Cognitive psychology

Emoji

Communication

Neuroscience

Social psychology

Interpretation (philosophy)

Literature

Cognition

Trait

Telecommunications

Computer science

Emotional intelligence

Psychology

Social media

Psychotherapist

Communication source

Programming language

Nonverbal communication

Meaning (existential)

Personality

Revelation

Computers in Human Behavior Reports

Emojis function like nonverbal cues in digital communication, but how do they impact the meaning of a message? We tested experimentally (N ​= ​50) if the presence of emojis in WhatsApp messages influences their interpretation as either factual information, self-revelation of the sender, relationship information, or an appeal ("four-ears model"). Messages were most frequently interpretated as self-revelation, especially if they contained an emoji, whereas sole text messages were equally as frequently perceived as either self-revelation or factual information. The interpretation of messages with or without emojis interacted with whether their content was positive or negative. Additionally, recipient's emotional intelligence both as an ability (cognitive measure) and trait (personality measure) was associated with interpreting self-revelation, but only in emoji messages. Emojis may thus provide the cues necessary to extract emotional information from text-based messages, to which emotionally intelligent recipients seem to be especially responsive.

Tuned in on senders’ self-revelation: Emojis and emotional intelligence influence interpretation of WhatsApp messages