A comprehensive survey on meta-heuristic algorithms for parameter extraction of photovoltaic models

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are widely used for their clean and sustainable advantages, forcing researchers to accurately model their characteristics. The behavior of PV cells can be derived from their current–voltage characteristics, depending on their unknown circuit model parameters. Due to the simulation, evaluation, control, and optimization of PV systems, it is essential to accurately and reliably extract the parameters of PV models. However,...