Beam finite element for thin-walled box girders considering shear lag and shear deformation effects

In this paper, a new formulation of beam finite element (B3S) is developed for predicting the performance of shear lag and shear deformation effects in thin-walled single- and multi-cell box girders. The longitudinal warping displacement of each wall of the cross-section is defined as the sum of five deformation modes, i.e., shear lag warping displacement mode, initial shear deformation mode, bending mode, axial mode, and correction mode. Based...