Thermal management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A review of cooling methods, material properties, and durability

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a promising electrochemical energy converter with an energy efficiency as high as 60%. Thermal management plays an important role in PEM fuel cell operation. In this review, recent progress in thermal management is summarized with in-depth discussion on the waste heat generation mechanisms, thermal analysis, non-isothermal two-phase flow, cooling methods, cold starts, and relevant material properties...