Topology optimisation for isotropic mechanical metamaterials considering material uncertainties

Isotropic materials are widely used because they retain their properties regardless of the measurement directions. However, their mechanical properties tend to deteriorate owing to disturbances in the base material parameters. This study, for the first time, systematically investigates multiple isotropic materials by considering material uncertainties with respect to the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. A smooth bi-directional evolutionary...