Electrical engineering

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Test set

Organic chemistry

Mathematics

Retrosynthetic analysis

Mathematics education

Machine learning

Engineering

Voltage

Artificial intelligence

Set (abstract data type)

Chemistry

Programming language

Natural language processing

Total synthesis

Computer science

Memorization

Artificial neural network

Training set

Transformer

Nature Communications

We investigated the effect of different training scenarios on predicting the (retro)synthesis of chemical compounds using a text-like representation of chemical reactions (SMILES) and Natural Language Processing neural network Transformer architecture. We showed that data augmentation, which is a powerful method used in image processing, eliminated the effect of data memorization by neural networks, and improved their performance for the prediction of new sequences. This effect was observed when augmentation was used simultaneously for input and the target data simultaneously. The top-5 accuracy was 84.8% for the prediction of the largest fragment (thus identifying principal transformation for classical retro-synthesis) for the USPTO-50k test dataset and was achieved by a combination of SMILES augmentation and a beam search algorithm. The same approach provided significantly better results for the prediction of direct reactions from the single-step USPTO-MIT test set. Our model achieved 90.6% top-1 and 96.1% top-5 accuracy for its challenging mixed set and 97% top-5 accuracy for the USPTO-MIT separated set. It also significantly improved results for USPTO-full set single-step retrosynthesis for both top-1 and top-10 accuracies. The appearance frequency of the most abundantly generated SMILES was well correlated with the prediction outcome and can be used as a measure of the quality of reaction prediction.

State-of-the-art augmented NLP transformer models for direct and single-step retrosynthesis