The Effect of Mothers’ Anxiety, Psychological Control, and Attention to Academic Achievement on Korean Early Childhood Children’s Helplessness

Psychological control refers to intrusive parental behaviors that affect child development. This study examines two subfactors of psychological-control parenting: autonomy-control and affection-control. While autonomy-control involves parental behaviors that ignore the thoughts and opinions of children, affection-control defines behaviors that show conditional affection by withdrawing affection or causing children to experience a sense of guilt....