Ethnology

Demography

Ecology

Out of africa

Aurignacian

Biology

Neanderthal

Archaeology

Upper Paleolithic

Cave

Genetics

Geography

Hominidae

Biological evolution

Population

Sociology

Radiocarbon dating

Biological dispersal

History

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Significance We report the remarkable discovery of an early Aurignacian occupation, ∼5,000 years older than any Upper Paleolithic site in westernmost Eurasia. The archaeological and radiocarbon data provide definitive evidence that modern humans were in western Iberia at a time when, if present at all, Neanderthal populations would have been extremely sparse. This discovery has important ramifications for our understanding of the process of modern human dispersal and replacement of Neanderthal populations. The results support a very rapid, unimpeded dispersal of modern humans across western Eurasia and support the notion that climate and environmental change played a significant role in this process.

The early Aurignacian dispersal of modern humans into westernmost Eurasia