Sodium butyrate reduces bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammatory responses induced by exogenous lipopolysaccharide, by inactivating NF-κB signaling

Exogenous molecules derived from catabolic states (e.g., fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate) during periods of stress such as the periparturient period or pathogen challenges [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] can trigger an inflammatory response in tissues such as the liver and the mammary gland. Butyrate is one of the major short-chain fatty acids produced in the rumen, and work with non-ruminants has demonstrated that it can alter inflammatory...